1.2
MDB Capital Group LLC
2021
2
2021-07-29T20:53:30Z
2021
4
100.00
0.00
95.17
4.83
0.00
IBKR ATS
IATS
24.15
25.38
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
IBKR operates the IBKR ATS in accordance with SEC Regulation ATS, on which it executes IBKR client orders against each other or against one or more professional liquidity providers who send orders into the IBKR ATS. Order executions on the IBKR ATS are faster, eliminate exchange fees, and may offer Price Improvement. Statistical information regarding the quality of executions for orders effected through the IBKR ATS (e.g., average execution speed, percentage of orders receiving Price Improvement, etc.) is available on the IBKR website at: https://ibkr.com/regulatoryreports.
IEX
IEXG
14.01
14.21
10.00
0
-1
-3.8841
0
0
Nasdaq Stock Market
XNAS
13.53
10.15
80.00
0
-11
-28.1008
0
30.0000
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
UBS ATS
UBSA
11.11
11.68
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
Hudson River Trading
HRTX
6.76
7.11
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
CBOE EDGX Exchange
EDGX
5.80
6.09
0.00
0
-14
-28.0000
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Virtu Financial Inc.
VIRT
5.31
5.58
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
IBKR-LITE clients are generally charged zero commission for NMS stock and ETF orders. IBKR-LITE orders are generally routed to select over-the-counter market-makers for handling. IBKR's agreements with the Market Makers provide Interactive Brokers payment for order flow from each Market Maker for trades executed with that Market Maker.
NYSE Arca
ARCX
3.38
3.55
0.00
0
-6
-30.0000
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Citadel Securities "PRO"
CDRG
2.90
3.05
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
New York Stock Exchange
XNYS
2.90
2.54
10.00
0
-3
-28.5000
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Jane Street Execution Services
JSES
1.45
1.52
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
IBKR-LITE clients are generally charged zero commission for NMS stock and ETF orders. IBKR-LITE orders are generally routed to select over-the-counter market-makers for handling. IBKR's agreements with the Market Makers provide Interactive Brokers payment for order flow from each Market Maker for trades executed with that Market Maker.
100.00
0.00
75.69
24.31
0.00
Nasdaq Stock Market
XNAS
29.98
12.61
84.07
0
-399
-29.9684
243
27.1002
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
IBKR ATS
IATS
13.31
17.45
0.43
0
0
0.0000
0
0.0000
0
IBKR operates the IBKR ATS in accordance with SEC Regulation ATS, on which it executes IBKR client orders against each other or against one or more professional liquidity providers who send orders into the IBKR ATS. Order executions on the IBKR ATS are faster, eliminate exchange fees, and may offer Price Improvement. Statistical information regarding the quality of executions for orders effected through the IBKR ATS (e.g., average execution speed, percentage of orders receiving Price Improvement, etc.) is available on the IBKR website at: https://ibkr.com/regulatoryreports.
IEX
IEXD
8.26
10.78
0.43
0
-5
-1.8744
0
0.0000
0
CBOE EDGX Exchange
EDGX
7.50
9.18
2.28
0
-373
-27.9802
3
26.0000
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
UBS ATS
UBSA
6.98
9.23
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
NYSE Arca
ARCX
6.95
8.59
1.85
0
-273
-29.8573
5
23.7517
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
New York Stock Exchange
XNYS
4.43
2.74
9.67
0
-96
-28.5000
29
18.6195
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Citadel Securities "PRO"
CDRG
4.05
5.34
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
CBOE BZX Exchange
BATS
3.28
4.20
0.43
0
-62
-29.8795
2
18.9017
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Virtu Financial Inc.
VIRT
2.87
3.79
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
IBKR-LITE clients are generally charged zero commission for NMS stock and ETF orders. IBKR-LITE orders are generally routed to select over-the-counter market-makers for handling. IBKR's agreements with the Market Makers provide Interactive Brokers payment for order flow from each Market Maker for trades executed with that Market Maker.
MEMX LLC
MEMX
2.56
3.38
0.00
0
-63
-25.9116
0
0
100.00
0.00
50.00
50.00
0.00
Nasdaq MRX
MCRY
50.00
100.00
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Cboe BZX Options Exchange
BATS
50.00
0.00
100.00
0
0
3
85.0000
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
2021
5
100.00
0.00
91.43
8.57
0.00
IBKR ATS
IATS
24.08
26.34
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
IBKR operates the IBKR ATS in accordance with SEC Regulation ATS, on which it executes IBKR client orders against each other or against one or more professional liquidity providers who send orders into the IBKR ATS. Order executions on the IBKR ATS are faster, eliminate exchange fees, and may offer Price Improvement. Statistical information regarding the quality of executions for orders effected through the IBKR ATS (e.g., average execution speed, percentage of orders receiving Price Improvement, etc.) is available on the IBKR website at: https://ibkr.com/regulatoryreports.
IEX
IEXG
15.51
16.96
0.00
0
-1
-6.1364
0
0
UBS ATS
UBSA
11.84
12.95
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
New York Stock Exchange
XNYS
9.39
1.79
90.48
0
-1
-28.5000
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Citadel Securities "PRO"
CDRG
8.57
9.38
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
Nasdaq Stock Market
XNAS
7.35
7.14
9.52
0
-10
-29.3033
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Virtu Financial Inc.
VIRT
6.53
7.14
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
IBKR-LITE clients are generally charged zero commission for NMS stock and ETF orders. IBKR-LITE orders are generally routed to select over-the-counter market-makers for handling. IBKR's agreements with the Market Makers provide Interactive Brokers payment for order flow from each Market Maker for trades executed with that Market Maker.
CBOE EDGX Exchange
EDGX
4.49
4.91
0.00
0
-6
-28.0000
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
NYSE Arca
ARCX
2.86
3.12
0.00
0
-8
-29.0310
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
100.00
0.00
83.48
16.52
0.00
Nasdaq Stock Market
XNAS
25.60
14.33
82.56
0
-729
-29.6780
426
28.3699
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
IBKR ATS
IATS
12.90
15.45
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
IBKR operates the IBKR ATS in accordance with SEC Regulation ATS, on which it executes IBKR client orders against each other or against one or more professional liquidity providers who send orders into the IBKR ATS. Order executions on the IBKR ATS are faster, eliminate exchange fees, and may offer Price Improvement. Statistical information regarding the quality of executions for orders effected through the IBKR ATS (e.g., average execution speed, percentage of orders receiving Price Improvement, etc.) is available on the IBKR website at: https://ibkr.com/regulatoryreports.
CBOE EDGX Exchange
EDGX
9.06
9.94
4.62
0
-475
-27.4971
3
14.6196
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
IEX
IEXD
8.74
10.41
0.30
0
-19
-6.4685
0
0
UBS ATS
UBSA
7.85
9.41
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
NYSE Arca
ARCX
6.55
7.73
0.60
0
-286
-29.9322
10
25.0000
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Citadel Securities "PRO"
CDRG
4.85
5.81
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
MEMX LLC
MEMX
3.89
4.66
0.00
0
-126
-26.0000
0
0
New York Stock Exchange
XNYS
3.82
2.57
10.13
0
-69
-28.2008
42
19.3256
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
CBOE BZX Exchange
BATS
2.90
3.48
0.00
0
-98
-29.9971
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Virtu Financial Inc.
VIRT
2.90
3.48
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
IBKR-LITE clients are generally charged zero commission for NMS stock and ETF orders. IBKR-LITE orders are generally routed to select over-the-counter market-makers for handling. IBKR's agreements with the Market Makers provide Interactive Brokers payment for order flow from each Market Maker for trades executed with that Market Maker.
Hudson River Trading
HRTX
2.02
2.42
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
100.00
0.00
40.00
60.00
0.00
Nasdaq GEMX
GMNI
40.00
0.00
66.67
0
0
8
80.0000
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Nasdaq ISE
XISX
20.00
0.00
33.33
0
0
9
86.0000
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
BOX Exchange
XBOX
20.00
50.00
0.00
0
4
77.0000
0
0
An affiliate under common control with IBKR has a substantial, minority investment in the Boston Options Exchange Group LLC, which operates the Boston Options Exchange.
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
NYSE Arca Options
ARCO
20.00
50.00
0.00
0
-4
-85.0000
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
2021
6
100.00
0.00
86.20
13.64
0.17
IBKR ATS
IATS
25.42
29.49
0.00
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
IBKR operates the IBKR ATS in accordance with SEC Regulation ATS, on which it executes IBKR client orders against each other or against one or more professional liquidity providers who send orders into the IBKR ATS. Order executions on the IBKR ATS are faster, eliminate exchange fees, and may offer Price Improvement. Statistical information regarding the quality of executions for orders effected through the IBKR ATS (e.g., average execution speed, percentage of orders receiving Price Improvement, etc.) is available on the IBKR website at: https://ibkr.com/regulatoryreports.
New York Stock Exchange
XNYS
14.98
2.93
91.36
0.00
0
-6
-20.3515
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
IEX
IEXD
12.46
14.45
0.00
0.00
0
-3
-7.0174
0
0
UBS ATS
UBSA
10.10
11.72
0.00
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
Nasdaq Stock Market
XNAS
7.58
8.01
3.70
100.00
0
-22
-29.9167
3
28.9091
0
0.0000
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
CBOE EDGX Exchange
EDGX
4.21
4.49
2.47
0.00
0
-11
-27.9392
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Virtu Financial Inc.
VIRT
4.04
4.69
0.00
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
IBKR-LITE clients are generally charged zero commission for NMS stock and ETF orders. IBKR-LITE orders are generally routed to select over-the-counter market-makers for handling. IBKR's agreements with the Market Makers provide Interactive Brokers payment for order flow from each Market Maker for trades executed with that Market Maker.
XTX Execution Services LLC
XTXE
2.86
3.32
0.00
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
Citadel Securities "PRO"
CDRG
2.69
3.12
0.00
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
Hudson River Trading
HRTX
2.69
3.12
0.00
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
NYSE Arca
ARCX
2.36
2.73
0.00
0.00
0
-6
-30.0000
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
MEMX LLC
MEMX
1.68
1.95
0.00
0.00
0
-3
-26.0000
0
0
100.00
0.00
89.70
10.25
0.05
Nasdaq Stock Market
XNAS
19.29
13.01
74.33
0.00
0
-778
-29.1050
127
24.4112
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
IBKR ATS
IATS
13.90
15.46
0.36
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0.0000
0
IBKR operates the IBKR ATS in accordance with SEC Regulation ATS, on which it executes IBKR client orders against each other or against one or more professional liquidity providers who send orders into the IBKR ATS. Order executions on the IBKR ATS are faster, eliminate exchange fees, and may offer Price Improvement. Statistical information regarding the quality of executions for orders effected through the IBKR ATS (e.g., average execution speed, percentage of orders receiving Price Improvement, etc.) is available on the IBKR website at: https://ibkr.com/regulatoryreports.
IEX
IEXD
9.39
10.31
1.43
0.00
0
-33
-7.2155
-0
-9.0000
0
CBOE EDGX Exchange
EDGX
9.30
9.78
5.17
0.00
0
-741
-27.8667
3
26.0000
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
UBS ATS
UBSA
8.40
9.37
0.00
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
NYSE Arca
ARCX
6.76
7.13
3.57
0.00
0
-556
-29.3363
4
17.9185
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Virtu Financial Inc.
VIRT
5.57
6.21
0.00
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
IBKR-LITE clients are generally charged zero commission for NMS stock and ETF orders. IBKR-LITE orders are generally routed to select over-the-counter market-makers for handling. IBKR's agreements with the Market Makers provide Interactive Brokers payment for order flow from each Market Maker for trades executed with that Market Maker.
Citadel Securities "PRO"
CDRG
4.48
4.99
0.00
0.00
0
0
0.0000
0
0
MEMX LLC
MEMX
3.95
4.40
0.00
0.00
0
-159
-23.5856
0
0
New York Stock Exchange
XNYS
3.09
2.00
12.12
100.00
0
-55
-28.7687
22
17.0719
0
0.0000
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
CBOE BZX Exchange
BATS
2.69
2.99
0.00
0.00
0
-91
-29.8804
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Crossfinder
CAES
2.23
2.48
0.00
0.00
0
1
10.0000
0
0
CBOE EDGA Exchange
EDGA
2.21
2.38
0.71
0.00
0
34
15.8169
-6
-30.0000
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
100.00
0.00
57.14
42.86
0.00
Nasdaq GEMX
GMNI
28.57
25.00
33.33
0
-3
-85.0000
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Nasdaq MRX
MCRY
28.57
50.00
0.00
0
13
67.1900
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
Nasdaq ISE
XISX
14.29
0.00
33.33
0
0
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
NYSE Arca Options
ARCO
14.29
0.00
33.33
0
0
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.
MIAX Emerald Exchange
EMLD
14.29
25.00
0.00
0
-39
-85.0000
0
0
IBKR may receive volume discounts that are not passed on to clients. Likewise, rebates passed on to clients by IBKR may be less than the rebates IBKR receives from the relevant market. For example, IBKR may receive enhanced rebate payments for exceeding volume thresholds on particular markets, but typically will not pass these enhancements directly to clients.